Dover High Performance Plastics, Inc. fabricates custom plastic parts. In April 2014, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration conducted an inspection of the company’s Dover, Ohio, facility in response to an employee complaint. Following the inspection, OSHA issued Dover a single-item willful citation alleging a violation of 29 C.F.R. § 1910.212(a)(1) for failing to provide adequate guarding on seven of its computer-numerically-controlled machines, specifically five lathes and two mills. Following a hearing, Administrative Law Judge Dennis L. Phillips affirmed the citation as willful and assessed the proposed $49,000 penalty. For the reasons set forth below, we affirm the citation only with respect to the lathes, recharacterize the violation as serious, and assess a $3,500 penalty.